Erica Pouncie Essays - Psychology, Mind, Adlerian Psychology

Erica Pouncie Cognitive Theory Paper University of North Texas-Dallas Abstract This intention of this paper is to explain the Adlerian HumanisticCognitive theory and show the therapy application approach to the client. The Adlerian Cognitive therapist's therapist's intents concept is for both the counselor and client to work collaborate together actively together throughtout all phases of therapy. toward a mutual goal of growth. There is no higher archery in this relationship, but two people on equal grounds. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is based on the concept that behavior change may be achieved through altering cognitive processes. The main objective is to help the client identify and change faulty beliefscognitive distortions about self, others, and life and to create new coping skills. within they live. Human Nature and Development of Personality From an Adlerian Cognitive theorist perspective, , Based on the Adler concept the humans species are motivated by two evolution goals survival and reproduction ( Beck, Freeman etl. 2004). d to strive for superiority and completeness (Mosak, 2005). Cognitive-behaviorists have demonstrated an interrelationship among cognitive processes, environmental events, and behavior, which is conveyed in the context of one's social behavior. Through studies of Beck and other associates, the cognitive process was designed to improve the adaptation to the client's environment, which in return creates better survival skills. Beck believed the root of CT theory lies between both behavioral and psychoanalytic approaches (Murdock 2009). These two approaches construct the schema a person forms through daily living and their perception of those experiences. The schemas influence the clients converting of information being received and this will determine how they respond. Superiority is based on the need to overcome inferiority complex. At some point in life everyone strives for some type of perfection, and everyone initially feels inferior to someone else. His theory stated when certain feelings are not overcome, inferiority complexes develop, and if a person tries to overcompensate for this inferiority, they develop superiority complex. This cCo mpleteness may differ from person to person depending on their personal goals. Adlerian's believe, that everyone has social interest, the internal need to be a part of society, and a desire to contribute to that society. At some point in life everyone strives for some type of perfection, and everyone initially feels inferior to someone else. Adlerians view individuals as holistic, creative, and responsible (Mosak, 2005). Adler believed that personality development was influenced by also looked at bibirth order in a family and how it correlated with others in similar birth positions. According to These birth orders can also impact the development of what Adler believed. His theory stated when certain feelings are not overcome, inferiority complexes develop, and if a person tries to overcompensate for this inferiority, they develop superiority complex. There was a difference in Adler's theory and what Freud believed, which caused conflict among them. Freud saw the human need being pleasure or sex and Adler interpersonal and social (Murdock 2009). Another humanistic psychologist, Abraham Maslow shared some of Adler's theories. Maslow , a follower of Adler, personality development was also influenced by best known for establishing the theory of an attempt to satisfy a hierarchy of needs. ; he stated that humans are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that a person can not move up until all other lower needs have been satisfied. Maslow stated the hierarchy of needs include there are general needs of physiology, safety, love, and self-esteem that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly (Maslow 1943). These needs were called "deficiency needs" and Maslow believed as long as people we aare striving to meet these needs they will move we are moving towards self- actualization. Many psychologists have implemented fragments of According to Adler's theory, but miss the primary goal is to be of getting connected to others in their family and community. Adler and followers believe personality and behavior is the responsibility of the individual and each has internal control rather than being controlled by external forces. Client Application Marilyn is a middle child who has developed an inferiority complex of not being special, compared to her sister. The client has an older brother, who was probably surrogated the surrogate man position in the home when Marilyn's mother worked. She also has a younger sister who in the clients' eyes is beautiful, physically attractive, can sing and has no flaws. This client fits the description of Adler's theory on birth order and position along with the human inferiorlty and superiority complex. Marilyn also has developed a basic mistake that all men will abandonment her because issues of her father left her mother when

buy custom Robert Frost “Mending Walls” essay

buy custom Robert Frost â€Å"Mending Walls† essay Mending walls is a classical poem, which was written in 1875 by Robert Frost. It is a poem that can be differently interpreted both at a glance and figuratively. it talks of a great wall and its characteristics which have to be rebuilt every spring as a habit. The poem has no stanza breaks, or rhyming patterns. However many of the words end with assonance such as balls, hills, wall, well as well as stone sun and mean. A great wall separates the narrator from his neighbour who meets every spring to repair the wall. It is relating to a countryside set up whereby the neighbours have to divide their farms by creating a wall between them. One neighbour insists on the truth of the proverb that good walls make good neighbours. The other neighbour however does not see the huge importance in going back every season to rebuild the wall. The argument that good fences create good neighbours illustrate the importance of the fence in keeping all the nuisance from neighbours away by reducing the conflicts that emanate from frequent interaction. The poem has two personas and one neighbour does not see the relevance of the wall; they do not understand what it is they are walling in or walling out and who they are likely to offend. Thi neighbour cites forces of nature such as snow and decay which will eventually destroy the wall making them to rebuild it every spring. The narrator perceives his neighbour as one who is still informed by traditions as he still holds on to old beliefs and practices. He nevertheless seems to appreciate the wall as he turns up every season to help repair the damages made by hunters. He is the one who contacts the neighbour to remind him of the wall. It is ironical and humorous to hear him say that he does not see the need for a wall. According to him (author) the wall would have been still important if the two had cows that needed to be separated. The wall building can be viewed figuratively. In both literal and figurative contexts, the poem marks the foundations of a societys thinking and perceptions. Boundaries are very important as the help maintain peoples privacy. The rules and laws that govern societies are figurative walls. Going to courts is the justice method of trying to mend the walls. Figuratively the author questions the need for rules and the forces that lead to breaking of societys tolerance on each other. people like to socialise and at the same time maintain their privacy. For thhe wall it is the forces of nature and the hunters which ensure that the wall is not in a stable condition. Just like the frost and the hunters, there are factors in our lives that ensure our walls are never intact. Everybody wants freedom, from habit and from laws however, the poet makes us realise that it is not backward to build walls. These are the societys constructs which reduce or increase in intensity as the society changes. T he two neighbours must have to accommodate each other. There is great irony in the task which brings these men together, a wall keeping them apart. Just like the good and the bad people meet in court to settle something good. The two men repair the wall each one on his side. They repair the wall between them and leave, and to each side the boulders fall (14-15) they see this as an outdoor game knowing that in the next spring they will be back to the same job. Frosts poems are best taken literally. It makes more sense to assess the habitual things that people do. It is about barriers that people put around them mentally and physically and how people help one to maintain the barriers. Figuratively it can be the societal barriers regarding acceptance of some people, habits, new initiatives, which could be beneficial to us or least of all harmless. Buy custom Robert Frost â€Å"Mending Walls† essay

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 165

Summary - Essay Example It is important to first understand the cause of the migration before attempting to provide a remedy. These causes, whatever they may be, can be termed as attractions. Thus, to counter this problem, it is required that better attractions be created in the country to lure people there. Take the analogy that the cities are magnets and people needles, to distribute people, it requires that stronger magnets than the cities be created. The country is associated with agricultural activities while the town with industrial activities. This has created a belief among people that there exists only two alternatives; the town and country. This is however, not true because a third alternative, that is a fusion of all the good qualities of town and country, exist and is the very solution that will pull people from the congested towns. Consider the town and country as two magnets each striving to attract people. Town has its advantages and disadvantages as does the country. Town-country is a marriage of the good qualities of town and country and thus does not have disadvantages. Town boasts better wages, comfortable homes, social amenities but with high rents and prices together with pollution. The country on the other hand is characterized by low rents, natural beauty and plentiful water but with a dull lifestyle, poor drainage and slum-like life where people huddle at one place leaving the rest deserted. Town and country need to be married to take advantage of their positive qualities. The combination enables the human society to be enjoyed together with beauty of nature. Town represents the society – man to man interaction through science, art and religion. Country represents God’s love for man – the source of life, the resource that drives industries and an inspiration for art and music. The fusion of town and country is therefore the main ingredient that will see rise of new hope, new life and new

Quality Management in MNC - Organisation Research Paper

Quality Management in MNC - Organisation - Research Paper Example Therefore, the quality of the product is variable and could not be confined to one single definition and the standard of quality fluctuates according to the customer needs and expectation. For that reason, the organization should grasp the customer’s need by evaluating the level of quality by the customer’s desires and expectations meet total quality management (Schneiderman, 2002). What is known about the quality Management in the organization? An organization identifies the total quality management as an approach to enhance the efficiency, credibility and flexibility of an organization. It assumes great importance in managing the organization with compatibility and allows the organization to discard those efforts and unwanted diligence which is unable to contribute in the development of an organization. Leaders are getting enlightened and providing an effective strategy towards the improvement of managing department and its related sources. It provides the way by whic h problems are not only detected but prevented too. People are also getting successful by the involvement of TQM which is first set up by the leaders of the organization. All senior managers are keen to adopt the efficiency and principles of total management quality for providing their customers best quality over products and services. However, middle managers are also obliged to demonstrate their task under the course of TQM and promote the strategies within the principle to get their people benefited. An organization could not relish the fundamental benefits of TQM without above prime responsibilities of managing department. Organizations are determined that an astounding quality policy can only be possible by the systematic plan and approach and therefore contemplates excessively for the desired result. Leaders are coming to the front and examining all the policies that whether they would meet the company objectives and console customer’s aim (Porter & Parker, 2006). To ma ke total management quality accessible in an organization, effective leaderships are required which first established the customer’s desire oriented objective, pursued by a strategy and finally the implementations of the policy is the key to the organization’s success. An organization also understands the importance of reviewing and improving of the management system. A TQM approach ultimately drags the organization to a credible position which tightens the customers and the organization relationship for a very long term (Bank, 1992). What are the principles of quality management? The TQM offers a procedure through which all the management members and employees contribute in the continuous improvements of the production process and the offerings of the business. The tools of total quality management are aimed at increasing business and reducing losses and to cut the extra cost of production. TQM is a management term that integrates all the functions of the business lik e marketing, design, engineering, production, customer services etc. to meet the organizational goals and objectives. There are eight major principles reinforce the quality management system in any organization. The senior members in management very often exploit these principles in order to have sound management. Following are the major principles with its reach to improve the management (Joiner, 2006).

Architecture - Project Management - Exam Research Paper - 2

Architecture - Project Management - Exam - Research Paper Example Extra materials, damages which have been done, problems with labour and employment and other values can be estimated but the true value isn’t known until the project takes place. - Project Initiation: This consists of setting the vision and definition for a project. The end goal and achievements are set, such as financial changes, expectations and growth within the company. This stage includes both the inception and the feasibility. - Project Planning: This includes goals of how the visions will be used to achieve the end results with detailed planning. Resources that are needed and planning of various stages, milestones and other concepts are used at the planning phase. This includes strategy and pre – construction. - Project Execution: The goals and milestones are presented to employees and workers to build the project and to work through specific steps. The detailed planning is put into action, monitored and controlled so the project can be completed. - Project Closure: If the project didn’t work, it is evaluated for future prospects. If it is closed and completed successfully, then evaluations of what worked and what didn’t are stated. At this point, those working on the project can look at potential and future opportunities as well as growth through the project which has taken place. - Project managers can use the life cycle to monitor and assist employees at each stage. The most important phases for a manager are inclusive of the planning and execution, where goals can be communicated to the employees and monitoring of how the goals are reached can be looked at. This allows the managers to evaluate the end product while looking at future options. Group Collaboration: Organization of the employees and labour options for those working on the project. Vision of what needs to be done, daily maintenance assistance and overviews for organized collaboration. - Collaborative Programming and Scheduling: Engages main

The History And Debate Of Euthanasia Philosophy Essay

The History And Debate Of Euthanasia Philosophy Essay Euthanasia has been a controversial issue for a very long time. The ancient Romans and Greeks supported euthanasia after the interpretation of the Hippocratic Oath that was written around 400 B.C. They believed that the persons life should not be preserved if this person has no interest in life. Hence, voluntary euthanasia was not banned in the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. However, committing Suicide as well as helping others to commit suicide was considered as a criminal act by the English jurisdiction during the 1300s. Euthanasia faced the first direct law against it in New York at the 1828 which was known as the Anti-Euthanasia law. Euthanasia like Abortion had become a major issue for debating in the following decades until the recent days .(Sandhyarani, 2001). Nowadays, all dictionaries and references define euthanasia as mercy killing of patients in severe incurable pain. Oxford dictionary for example, has defined euthanasia as: the painless killing of a patient suffe ring from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. The way these definitions were defined came from the origin of the word Euthanasia, where Euthanasia is a Greek word came from the 17th century to combine two words, Eu which means well and easy and Thanatos meaning death.(Oxford dictionary, 2010). Euthanasia nowadays can be categorized into many different forms and types, the first and most common one is the active voluntary euthanasia where the patient is mercifully killed with his own will and request, its also known as the assisted suicide. Other different form is known as the involuntary passive euthanasia that let the patients die without their own request, this kind is known for patients who are in comas or unable to talk or communicate with others.(BBC, 2009). With the current debates and developments in the world, euthanasia is being discussed globally, legalized in some countries and still discussed in others. Netherland was the first country in the world to legalize Euthanasia in 2002, followed by Belgium at the end of 2002 and some parts in the United States of America. Switzerland on the other hand allows the physician assisted suicide in special cases but the euthanasia is still not legal in this country. What must be known about the laws of these countries is that they are strictly standardized for euthanasia as euthanasia is being applied only to specific kinds of patients. Euthanasia is indeed one of the most controversial issues to date. Taking both sides, supporting and opposing euthanasia in the society, doctors and governments into considerations, the main question now centers on whether Euthanasia is the right act to consider on the cases with no cure and whether euthanasia should be legalized. The process of painlessly helping a terminally ill person to die should be legalized as its a merciful act that offers dignity and compassion at lifes cruel end. People who are euthanized are going to die anyway. However, by legalizing euthanasia, they can be saved from suffering terrible pain.(Friedman, 2010) Therefore, governments should not stand in the way of letting severely ill people with no chances in getting cured to end their lives legally by Euthanasia. The following research project will hereby focus on the reasons why euthanasia should be legalized, what we can prevent and gain by legalizing euthanasia, effects of euthanasia and its future. The time frame used in this research project is from 2000 till date, the research is showing the latest ideas and arguments presented in the world where euthanasia is still developing and arguments involved in this issue are leaning more towards legalizing euthanasia day after day. 2.0 Body of Content 2.1 Euthanasia is a Freedom of Choice: Just as I shall select my ship when I am about to go on a voyage, or my house when I propose to take a residence, so I shall choose my death when I am about to depart from life. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (Roman Stoic Philosopher, orator and statesman) Every person was born free and has the right to die free with his own will. Moreover, dignified death is one of the fundamental rights people are supposed to have as being part and parcel of the fundamental rights to life. According to the Daily Telegraph (2008), Chantal Sebire was a French woman diagnosed with a rare type of cancer (a malignant neoplasm of the nasal vault) in 2002, her tumor developed and reached a point where it cannot be stopped or cured, it made sever deformities in Sebires face taking away the senses of smelling, tasting and eventually sight from her. Moreover, Sebire was suffering from horrible pain; she said a normal human would not allow an animal to go through. She appealed to the French court asking for a permission to have an assisted suicide as she could not bear the pain anymore. However, her appeal was rejected as euthanasia is not legal in France. Two days later Chantal Sebire was found dead as she committed suicide in her house after her appeal was re jected. It can be seen from that case that this way of crossing into death was unfair as it was more scary and painful experience than a regulated euthanasia. In Sebires case as well as other similar cases where cure is not found for patients, patients are going through horrible pain and they are going to die anyway, governments should not stand in the way of those severely ill people with no cure or treatment to end their lives legally by assisted suicide. Therefore, the life of those patients is their choice and they have the right to continue living or die peacefully. The pursuit of happiness is the pursuit of relief from pain and suffering. (Cockeram, 2007). By having the superior power in keeping the lives of patients with no chance in getting well or having cure is not giving them relief or even happiness, it is like holding their lives, watching them suffer at the last moments of their lives and locking them in a life they are not having since they have lost their senses, feelings or even conscious. Opponents of euthanasia argue that euthanasia is a cruel act and a human enforcement to end other people lives without their permission. Lozano mentioned that the Vatican believes that ending lives of severely ill people even the premature babies who are gravely ill by euthanasia is an illicit act as well as act of cruelty. (CNA, 2006). Therefore, opponents believe that euthanasia would violate the Gods gift of life and enforce in ending lives of people who are not able to communicate with others. However, according to the article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 5 adds No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. If no one shall be subjected to torture, then why do we have to watch them suffer? (Euthanasia UK, 2007). Most of the people who choose euthanasia are those patients who suffer from diseases that cause a lot of pain and cannot be treated. If those patients choose not to bear the pain, they should have the right to do so. (Bose, 2011). It is the right of those patients with no cure to choose their own life and death. Other kind of brain dead patients who are in irreversible coma and cannot communicate have no chances in getting back to life or even getting well as in most cases their brains are damaged, it is in their favor as well as other patients favors with chances in getting cured to be euthanized, providing them with the mercy killing doesnt mean it is a cruel act against their will but it is ending their suffer, releasing their locked souls in no life and lowering the expenses their parents or relatives have to pay for hospitals only for keeping them alive but unconscious through machines. Euthanizing such patients can be by shortening the amount of oxygen or food given to them through machines and tubes. Therefore, euthanasia should not be considered as a cruel act but an act of mercy that gives patients and even their parents the right to choose life or death at the time of suffer and inevitable death.

Understanding Thomas Weiskels The Romantic Sublime :: Essays Papers

Understanding Thomas Weiskel's The Romantic Sublime In order to understand Weiskel's argument on the sublime, it would be helpful to briefly review the influential treatises on the sublime by Longinus, Immanuel Kant and Edmund. Longinus understands the sublime as intrinsically related to linguistics, as being achieved mainly through language and literature. The "linguistic sublime" causes one to transcend oneself. When one perceives an experience as producing ecstasy, he asserts, that experience can be considered sublime. According to Longinus, this effect can be achieved through powerful rhetoric; he then examines the sublime nature of the rhetoric of many great writers, including Homer and Sappho. He also considers the sublime to exist in political oration, theorizing "those personages, presenting themselves to us and inflaming our ardor and as it were illumining our path, will carry our minds in a mysterious way to the high standards of subliminity which are within us" (84). Longinus cautions, however, that writers who strive to achieve sublimity often fail, instead creating "expressions . . . which are not sublime but high-flown" (77). He further elaborates that it is nearly impossible for the common writer to achieve sublimity through rhetoric, stating that, "While tumidity desires to transcend the limits of the sublime, the defect which is termed puerility is the direct antithesis of elevation." Writers easily fall prey to this error, Longinus explains: "[W]hile they aim at the uncommon and elaborate and most of all at the attractive, they drift unawares into the tawdry and affected" (77). Longinus' theory focuses mainly on a sublime that results from a thing or event that possesses some type of positive literary effect. For Longinus, one is "uplifted by the true sublime [ . . . ] filled with joy and vaunting, as though it had itself produced what it has heard" (78). Edmund Burke, alternatively, makes a distinction between what is beautiful (and pleasant) and the sublime, concluding that an experience that might be considered terrible may instead inspire a peculiar sense of pleasure, a delight derived from terror. It is Burke's opinion that human experience with a negative connotation tends to stimulate the sublime. Burke proposes that the sublime is "[w]hatever is fitted in any sort to excite the ideas of pain, and danger . . . any sort terrible, or is conversant about terrible objects, or operates in a manner analogous to terror" (36). Burke's sublime is achieved through a type of indirect or derived terror, in which one experiences pleasure in the face of pain or terror.

10 Things I Hate About You

Many movies follow the typical â€Å"Hollywood pattern†, that is, they provide no greater meaning, no deeper purpose, than solely to entertain. However, this is not the case, as shown in ’10 Things I Hate About You’, directed by Gil Junger. The movie explores important ideas and themes, such as, the role of women in the 21st century, peoples judgments and the power that Shakespearean symbols hold. The movie breaks down the idea of the liberated woman of the 21st century. This is shown throughout the movie, but one main example is when the script-writer surprises us when we learn Kat’s reason for being an anti-emotional person.Scene 20 portrays the transformation in Kat’s life when her emotional poem reveals her love for Patrick. During the poem Kat surrenders to Patrick by crying in front of the class and admitting that â€Å"†¦mostly I hate the way I don’t hate you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , shows, through the use of a paradox, that Kat wants to h ate Patrick but can’t. By using the repetition of a strong word like â€Å"hate† throughout the poem to make the once harsh word sound like a polite word used to describe one’s love. The movie also highlights that Patrick can control her. This is shown when Patrick gives Kat a guitar to make up for what he did.Patrick shows us that he knows that he has the power to control her, by saying â€Å"There’s always drums, and bass, and maybe even one day a tambourine†. Junger employs the use of shot/reverse shot editing to show Patrick’s reaction towards Kat when she is reading her poem. During editing Junger purposely makes the last shot in the scene longer to show Patrick and allow the viewers to process and think about what just happened. Another issue that is raised is about the stereotypical role of women in the 21st century is whether a woman needs a man to feel complete.This is suggested because the movie ends with everyone in a relationship . Also Kat says that she is an individual and does not like any males that go to her school. She later starts a relationship with Patrick, who goes to her school. This shows Kat’s transformation. The ending suggests to teenagers that to be â€Å"normal† you need to be in a relationship. The movie has an underlying message about being judgemental. Junger uses the setting of the school because during high school is when we are most judgmental.When we first see Kat, Bianca, Cameron, Patrick, Joey and Michael we are judgmental towards them. We judge them on the way they dress, speak, present themselves and by where they live. We as viewers watch Michael as he shows Cameron all the different groups in the school. We too as viewers of the movie are judgmental of Kat and Bianca. We first view the animated title and credits while girly music is playing, we than go into an establishing shot where we see the upper class suburb, with freshly mowed lawns , people walking their dog s, and flash cars.Bianca and her friends pull up at the pedestrian crossing; they are bouncing along to the music, this symbolises the â€Å"normal† fun-loving teenager. Then Kat comes along, in her beat up car. When the camera goes into a medium shot of her, the music changes into angry girl music, â€Å"I don’t give a dam about my bad reputation†. Bianca waits for the pedestrians to cross before continuing, but Kat drives through without waiting. This juxtaposition immediately makes us judge Bianca and Kat.The juxtaposition continues at school, when Cameron first sees Bianca, Junger uses non-diegetic sound creating moods which affect the viewer; it makes us believe that she is innocent. The use of juxtaposition makes us judge Kat and Bianca to the extreme thinking they’re not related in fact they’re sisters! The use of Shakespearean symbols explores important ideas and themes, showing the deeper purpose of the movie: to deliver a Shakespearean me ssage to teenagers. Throughout the movie there are lots of references to Shakespeare, giving clues on the inspiration of the film.A suggestion that the movie is delivering a Shakespearean message is when the English teacher, Mr Morgan, raps a Shakespearean sonnet. This immediately makes it appealing to teenagers. Another suggestion is the use of words that are stereotypically Shakespearean. One example is when Cameron first sees Bianca and Cameron describes how he feels â€Å"I burn, I pine, I perish†. Using these Shakespearean words gives teenagers a better understanding of what they mean. There are many references throughout the movie to Shakespeare’s life.Included in this is Bianca and Kats’ last name, Stratford, is a reference to Shakespeare’s birthplace, Stratford-Upon-Avon. The school’s Shakespearean architecture castle like design is a visual reference. We are shown the design of the school at the beginning through the use of a crane shot. I n scene 12, when Cameron and Michael advise Patrick to sacrifice his dignity to balance things, Michael uses Shakespearean language. This turns teens off, but when Patrick replies with â€Å"hey, don’t say shit like that, people can hear you†, brings the humour into the Shakespearean message. 10 Things I Hate About You† is not just another teen movie. It is a teen movie with a deeper message, a message about life. It addresses how women were perceived in the 50s, how teens don’t like Shakespearean language and how we are judgemental to people when we first see them. The movie includes posters in the classroom that makes us question out actions in life: â€Å"The first and worst of all frauds is to cheat oneself† and â€Å"What is popular is not always right; what is right is not always popular! †

Abnormal essays

Abnormal essays What Is Abnormal Psychology? What Is Normal Psychology? What is Psychology? In my research of Psychology and its meaning I have come up with many definitions. To sum all of the definitions into one its the study ones feelings, thoughts, and their way of thinking and using all of there senses rather its cognitive, physical, or mental. Some other questions that came to mind during my research are what is normal psychology and what is abnormal psychology? What is normal psychology? Most people consider one to be normal if they seem to have no problems physically or mentally. Are you O.K. the way you are? Should you be different? Most of us tend to roles that are acceptable behavior in society. Society expects us all to play certain roles. Health and science guide says that normality is only questioned when there is a conflict between roles. Why do we conform to these roles? We do it because in most societies, including ours, there are rewards for conformity. People tend to treat us with respect when we play roles that others are comfortable with. What is abnormal psychology? I think it could be the study of mental illness as some journals stated. Overall its the study of mental illnesses and of how people with mental illnesses can be treated. Stated in Health and Science guide mental illness is a much-debated topic in the world of psychology to which a lot of research is still needed. Problems usually come up when people try to define what is normal. Sigmund Freud was considered to be the father of Psychoanalysis, said there was no such thing as a normal person. Mental illness is considered to be an illness of the mind, which makes it difficult for people to carry out a normal, productive lifestyle. Mental illnesses range from depression to schizophrenia (a very serious mind disorder). It is important to remember that people with such disorders ate stricken with an illness. They have no more control over their illness than ...

stars of orion essays

stars of orion essays 01. Why do the stars in Orion look so different from each other? Looking at Orion is more than just looking at an area that is easy to recognize in the night sky. Orion is seething with activity and illustrates a clear and concise picture, of how stars are formed. It gives us the ability to compare different types of stars and most importantly, it's right next door to Earth, astronomically speaking. The interest in Orion is currently at frenzy level, astronomers have always been interested in Orion because it is only 450 parsecs (1500 light years) from Earth. As viewed from ground based telescopes, Orion has twice the angular diameter of the full moon, around 1 degree. Known as the saucepan, Orion has a most distinctive and easy to find star pattern, located in the same spiral arm of our Galaxy as the Sun. Orion is named after the Hunter of Greek mythology. If what we can see of Orion is considered exciting, that pales under the stark reality of what lies in the same region, that we can not see. To understand more about the differences in Orion, you must establish that there are differences between two sets of stars, the visible and the non-visible. The image above shows the distinctive blue/white colour of Rigel and the cool red supergiant Betelgeuse. At the center of the nebula is a cluster of four stars called the Trapezium. The brightest star in the Trapezium, known as Theta 1 Orionis C, is a very hot 39,000 Kelvin, and is the source of most of the UV radiation, which causes the nebula to glow. Below left, shows the four stars glowing brilliantly at the bottom left edge of the photo. The infrared vision of the Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) is illustrating an Orion that few people outside of astronomers ever see. Thanks to Hubble more people are being introduced to astronomy with such magnificent images as these on the left. Stars in Orion looking different now t...

Unionization of employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Unionization of employees - Essay Example Industrial Revolution was one of the major turning points in human development. It is the process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture. This revolution had a major impact on the society and the labor force. Initially, this revolution made people work in factories for long hours perhaps from 14 to 16 hours. As a result of which many of them including children were forced to work in this manner and was very hard for them.Industrial revolution began in England in the 18th century which involved technological changes such as the use of iron and steel, new energy sources, the invention of new machines that increased production in relatively less time. Many of them did not survive the hardship and died. Though Britain was where the Industrial Revolution began, it was also the place where reformations started. In 1932 when middle class males won the right to vote in Great Britain all the reformation started. Workers formed socie ties and in due course it was called trade unions also known as the unionization of employees began (Wikipedia, 2008). The aim of trade unions was to fight for better working conditions and better pay as a result changes were also brought to the working conditions such as 10 hour work days, child labour laws and required school. Therefore, a trade union is an organization which was formed to promote and protect the interests of a collection of workers. Even today, unionization is helping employees and is fighting for there rights. This research paper aims to provide information on how unionization of employees has had an impact on various aspects. The status of unionization of employees varies for country to country or state to state. While in some countries trade unions possess substantial freedom, from the right to Freedom of Association, to public demonstrations and active protest against political opponents such as strikes, in other countries it is totally opposite and are actively suppressed by political or military rules, with little or no freedoms. Additionally, in these countries the prospect of violence or even death is high. Like it or not unionization of employees are political in nature, and often attract both positive and negative consequences. Over the last few decades, trade unions have developed into a number of forms propagandize by differing political and economic regimes. Trade unions in the early days, such as the Friendly Societies, often offered a number of benefits to insure members against unemployment, ill health, old age and funeral expenses. Similarly, in many industrialized countries, these functions have been taken up by the state. In addition, the provision of professional training, legal advice, and representation for members still remain among the main benefits of trade union membership. The second and one of the most important aims of unionization of employees is that they are able to operate openly, are legal bodies and are recognised by employers, they may negotiate with employers over wages and working conditions. If the demands are not met, employees union may organize strikes or resistance to lockouts if their particular goals are not agreed by the authorities. They may also go to the extent of camp aigning, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties for public office who will help to fulfil their demands (Wikipedia, 2008). There are several researchers who have devoted several years working on the effects of unionization of employees. Brown and Medoff (1978) are the pioneers who worked on this issue. Following the pioneering work and inspired by the controversial work of Freeman and Medoff (1984), a number of empirical studies have studied the impact of union on productivity particularly in UK and the USA. Although a number of authors have estimated positive union productivity differentials, there is a common agreement in the literature about unionism

Incentive pay as a way of compensating employees Essay

Incentive pay as a way of compensating employees - Essay Example According to the Vision Link advisory group, intrinsic rewards also allow employees to obtain a certain level of autonomy, provides opportunities for mastery in which employees may feel and see their progress, and it can establish purpose in their work so that they can feel that they are doing something good not only for themselves but also for the company. On the other hand, extrinsic compensation may include monetary and nonmonetary rewards. Examples of extrinsic compensation can be discretionary benefits such as paid time off and protection programs (Martocchio 86). Generally, â€Å"Incentive pay may come in the form of bonuses, profit sharing, or commission† (Business Dictionary). It is a monetary reward given to employees based on individual or group performances. This type of pay can reflect the way employees continue to pursue positive results in the workplace. In addition, incentive plans can inspire loyalty, commitment, and hard work. This type of plan will allow for recognition of outstanding workers and at the same time keeping track of the organizational goals (â€Å"Employee Incentive†). A company can decide on how they will design their incentive pay plans and on what criteria depending on what industry and type of the company. The most common types of incentive pay plans are individual incentive plans, group incentive plans, and companywide incentives. In many occasions, â€Å"Individual incentive plans reward employees for meeting such work-related performance standards as quality, productivity, customer satisfaction, safety, or attendance† (Martocchio 85). Organizations use individual incentive plans to motivate their employees by granting them the opportunity to receive additional income. These additional incomes can be given in forms of bonuses or commission (Joseph). There are different types of individual incentives the most common are piecework plans, management incentive plans, behavioral encouragement plans, and refe rral plans (Joseph). Piecework plans reward their employees for increases in productivity. It consists of the quantity and the quality of work produced. This criterion is based upon the supervisor’ or managers’ interpretation on the performance of the employee. Piecework plans can be used in industrial and production settings (Joseph). In contrast, management incentive plans involve several intricate objectives. This type of incentive only allows managers to receive their award when they reach objectives depending on sales, profit, production, or other criteria in the company (Martocchio 86). In addition, many companies may compensate their employees for referrals. Some companies use referrals to motivate their workers to recruit new employees into the company the employee will then be rewarded after the new employees has been in the company for a certain period (Joseph). Lastly there are behavioral encouragement plans where employees are given cash for specific behavi oral accomplishments. In addition to individual incentive plans, some companies choose to compensate or reward their employees as a group, in other words, based on collective performance. Group incentive plans are measured depending on customer satisfaction, labor cost savings, material cost savings, reduction in accidents, and services cost savings (Joseph). It is said that â€Å"well designed group incentive plans ultimately reinforce teamwork, cultivate loyalty to the company, and increase